Introduction

Background: |  |

`
Following its heyday as a global maritime power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of its wealthiest colony of Brazil in 1822. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next six decades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The following year, Portugal granted independence to all of its African colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC (now the EU) in 1986. In January 2011, Portugal assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2011-12 term.
`

Geography

Location: |  |
`Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain`
Geographic coordinates: |  |
`39 30 N, 8 00 W`
Map references: |  |
`Europe`
Area: |  |
`total: 92,090 sq km country comparison to the world: 110 land: 91,470 sq km water: 620 sq km note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands`
Area - comparative: |  |
`slightly smaller than Indiana`
Land boundaries: |  |
`total: 1,214 km border countries: Spain 1,214 km`
Coastline: |  |
`1,793 km`
Maritime claims: |  |
`territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation`
Climate: |  |
`maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south`
Terrain: |  |
`mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in south`
Elevation extremes: |  |
`lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m`
Natural resources: |  |
`fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower`
Land use: |  |
`arable land: 17.29% permanent crops: 7.84% other: 74.87% (2005)`
Irrigated land: |  |
`6,500 sq km (2003)`
Total renewable water resources: |  |
`73.6 cu km (2005)`
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic / industrial / agricultural): |  |
`total: 11.09 cu km/yr (10%/12%/78%) per capita: 1,056 cu m/yr (1998)`
Natural hazards: |  |
`Azores subject to severe earthquakes volcanism: Portugal experiences limited volcanic activity in the Azores Islands; Fayal or Faial (elev. 1,043 m) last erupted in 1958; most volcanoes have not erupted in centuries; historically active volcanoes include Agua de Pau, Furnas, Pico, Picos Volcanic System, San Jorge, Sete Cidades, and Terceira`
Environment - current issues: |  |
`soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas`
Environment - international agreements: |  |

`
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification
`

Geography - note: |  |
`Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar`

People

Population: |  |
`10,760,305 (July 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 75`
Age structure: |  |
`0-14 years: 16.2% (male 910,012/female 835,025) 15-64 years: 65.8% (male 3,539,457/female 3,541,989) 65 years and over: 18% (male 791,950/female 1,141,872) (2011 est.)`
Median age: |  |
`total: 40 years male: 38 years female: 42.3 years (2011 est.)`
Population growth rate: |  |
`0.212% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 180`
Birth rate: |  |
`9.94 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 195`
Death rate: |  |
`10.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 42`
Net migration rate: |  |
`2.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 29`
Urbanization: |  |
`urban population: 61% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)`
Major cities - population: |  |
`LISBON (capital) 2.808 million; Porto 1.344 million (2009)`
Sex ratio: |  |
`at birth: 1.067 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2011 est.)`
Infant mortality rate: |  |
`total: 4.66 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 188 male: 5.11 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)`
Life expectancy at birth: |  |
`total population: 78.54 years country comparison to the world: 49 male: 75.28 years female: 82.01 years (2011 est.)`
Total fertility rate: |  |
`1.5 children born/woman (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 185`
HIV / AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |  |
`0.6% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 64`
HIV / AIDS - people living with HIV / AIDS: |  |
`42,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 61`
HIV / AIDS - deaths: |  |
`fewer than 500 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 82`
Drinking water source: |  |
`improved: urban: 99% of population rural: 100% of population total: 99% of population unimproved: urban: 1% of population rural: 0% of population total: 1% of population (2008)`
Sanitation facility access: |  |
`improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2008)`
Nationality: |  |
`noun: Portuguese (singular and plural) adjective: Portuguese`
Ethnic groups: |  |
`homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal`
Religions: |  |
`Roman Catholic 84.5%, other Christian 2.2%, other 0.3%, unknown 9%, none 3.9% (2001 census)`
Languages: |  |
`Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)`
Literacy: |  |
`definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 93.3% male: 95.5% female: 91.3% (2003 est.)`
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): |  |
`total: 16 years male: 16 years female: 16 years (2008)`
Education expenditures: |  |
`4.4% of GDP (2008) country comparison to the world: 89`

Government

Country name: |  |
`conventional long form: Portuguese Republic conventional short form: Portugal local long form: Republica Portuguesa local short form: Portugal`
Government type: |  |
`republic; parliamentary democracy`
Capital: |  |
`name: Lisbon geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October`
Administrative divisions: |  |
`18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa (Lisbon), Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu`
Independence: |  |
`1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 5 October 1910 (republic proclaimed)`
National holiday: |  |
`Portugal Day (Dia de Portugal), 10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died`
Constitution: |  |
`adopted 2 April 1976; subsequently revised note: the revisions placed the military under strict civilian control, trimmed the powers of the president, and laid the groundwork for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; they allowed for the privatization of nationalized firms and government-owned communications media`
Legal system: |  |
`civil law system; Constitutional Tribunal review of legislative acts`
International law organization participation: |  |
`accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction`
Suffrage: |  |
`18 years of age; universal`
Executive branch: |  |

`
chief of state: President Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 9 March 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de Sousa (since 12 March 2005); note - Prime Minister SOCRATES resigned 23 March 2011; new legislative elections are called for on 5 June
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website )
note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 January 2011 (next to be held in January 2016); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Anibal CAVACO SILVA reelected president; percent of vote - Anibal CAVACO SILVA 53%, Manuel ALEGRE 19.8%, Fernando NOBRE 14.1%, Francisco LOPES 7.1%, Manuel COELHO 4.5%, Defensor MOURA 1.6%
`

Legislative branch: |  |
`unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 27 September 2009 (next to be held in fall 2013) election results: percent of vote by party - PS 42%, PSD 35%, CDS/PP 9%, BE 7%, CDU 7%; seats by party - PS 97, PSD 81, CDS/PP 21, BE 16, CDU 15`
Judicial branch: |  |
`Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal de Justica); judges appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura`
Political parties and leaders: |  |
`Democratic and Social Center/Popular Party or CDS/PP [Paulo PORTAS]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pedro Manuel PASSOS COELHO]; Socialist Party or PS [Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de Sousa]; The Left Bloc or BE [Franciso Anacleto LOUCA]; Unitarian Democratic Coalition or CDU [Jeronimo DE SOUSA] (includes Portuguese Communist Party or PCP and Ecologist Party ("The Greens") or PEV)`
Political pressure groups and leaders: |  |
`the media; labor unions`
International organization participation: |  |

`
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, CPLP, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club (associate), PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI (observer), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMIT, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
`

Diplomatic representation in the US: |  |
`chief of mission: Ambassador Nuno Filipe Alves Salvador e BRITO chancery: 2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 328-8610 FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726 consulate(s) general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), San Francisco consulate(s): New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode Island)`
Diplomatic representation from the US: |  |
`chief of mission: Ambassador Allan J. KATZ embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisbon mailing address: Apartado 43033, 1601-301 Lisboa; PSC 83, APO AE 09726 telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300 FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109 consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)`
Flag description: |  |
`two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the dividing line; explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a popular interpretation has green symbolizing hope and red the blood of those defending the nation`
National anthem: |  |
`name: "A Portugesa" (The Song of the Portuguese) lyrics/music: Henrique LOPES DE MENDOCA/Alfredo KEIL note: adopted 1910; "A Portuguesa" was originally written to protest the Portuguese monarchy's acquiescence to the 1890 British ultimatum forcing Portugal to give up areas of Africa; the lyrics refer to the "insult" that resulted from the event`

Economy

Economy - overview: |  |

`
Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community - the EU's predecessor - in 1986. Over the past two decades, successive governments have privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country qualified for the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU members. The economy had grown by more than the EU average for much of the 1990s, but fell back in 2001-08, and contracted 2.6% in 2009, before growing 1% in 2010. GDP per capita stands at roughly two-thirds of the EU-27 average. A poor educational system and a rigid labor market have been obstacles to greater productivity and growth. Portugal also has been increasingly overshadowed by lower-cost producers in Central Europe and Asia as a destination for foreign direct investment. Portugal's low competitiveness, low growth prospects, and high levels of public debt have made it vulnerable to bond market turbulence. The government is implementing austerity measures, including a 5% public salary cut which went into effect on January 1, 2011 and a 2% increase in the value-added tax, to reduce the budget deficit from 9.3% of GDP in 2009 to 4.6% in 2011, but some investors have expressed concern about the government's ability to achieve these targets and cover its sovereign debt. Without the option for stimulus measures, the government is focusing instead on boosting exports and implementing labor market reforms to try to raise GDP growth and increase Portugal's competitiveness - which, over time, may help mitigate investor concerns.
`

GDP (purchasing power parity): |  |
`$247 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 50 $243.6 billion (2009 est.) $249.8 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars`
GDP (official exchange rate): |  |
`$229.3 billion (2010 est.)`
GDP - real growth rate: |  |
`1.4% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 163 -2.5% (2009 est.) 0% (2008 est.)`
GDP - per capita (PPP): |  |
`$23,000 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 57 $22,800 (2009 est.) $23,400 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars`
GDP - composition by sector: |  |
`agriculture: 2.6% industry: 23% services: 74.5% (2010 est.)`
Labor force: |  |
`5.57 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 67`
Labor force - by occupation: |  |
`agriculture: 11.7% industry: 28.5% services: 59.8% (2009 est.)`
Unemployment rate: |  |
`10.7% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 117 9.5% (2009 est.)`
Population below poverty line: |  |
`18% (2006)`
Household income or consumption by percentage share: |  |
`lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 28.4% (1995 est.)`
Distribution of family income - Gini index: |  |
`38.5 (2007) country comparison to the world: 70 35.6 (1995)`
Investment (gross fixed): |  |
`19% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 100`
Budget: |  |
`revenues: $93.61 billion expenditures: $110.2 billion (2010 est.)`
Public debt: |  |
`83.2% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 15 76.8% of GDP (2009 est.)`
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |  |
`1.1% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 22 -0.8% (2009 est.)`
Central bank discount rate: |  |
`1.75% (31 December 2010) country comparison to the world: 115 1.75% (31 December 2009) note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area`
Commercial bank prime lending rate: |  |
`6.12% (31 December 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 111 8.35% (31 December 2008 est.)`
Stock of narrow money: |  |

`
$98.23 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
$100.9 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
note: see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders
`

Stock of broad money: |  |
`$282 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 30 $302.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)`
Stock of domestic credit: |  |
`$556.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 23 $490.8 billion (31 December 2008 est.)`
Market value of publicly traded shares: |  |
`$98.65 billion (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 46 $68.71 billion (31 December 2008) $132.3 billion (31 December 2007)`
Agriculture - products: |  |
`grain, potatoes, tomatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, dairy products; fish`
Industries: |  |
`textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper, chemicals, auto-parts manufacturing, base metals, dairy products, wine and other foods, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism`
Industrial production growth rate: |  |
`0.9% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 148`
Electricity - production: |  |
`44.47 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 52`
Electricity - consumption: |  |
`48.78 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 47`
Electricity - exports: |  |
`1.313 billion kWh (2008 est.)`
Electricity - imports: |  |
`10.74 billion kWh (2008 est.)`
Oil - production: |  |
`4,721 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 96`
Oil - consumption: |  |
`272,200 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 48`
Oil - exports: |  |
`53,660 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 76`
Oil - imports: |  |
`323,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 32`
Oil - proved reserves: |  |
`0 bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 177`
Natural gas - production: |  |
`NA`
Natural gas - consumption: |  |
`4.846 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 59`
Natural gas - exports: |  |
`0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 158`
Natural gas - imports: |  |
`4.895 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 32`
Natural gas - proved reserves: |  |
`0 cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 179`
Current account balance: |  |
`$-19.03 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 181 $-23.95 billion (2009 est.)`
Exports: |  |
`$46.27 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 57 $44.49 billion (2009 est.)`
Exports - commodities: |  |
`agricultural products, food products, wine, oil products, chemical products, plastics and rubber, hides, leather, wood and cork, wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear, machinery and tools`
Exports - partners: |  |
`Spain 26.25%, Germany 12.99%, France 12.04%, Angola 7.21%, UK 5.54% (2009)`
Imports: |  |
`$68.22 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 40 $68.9 billion (2009 est.)`
Imports - commodities: |  |
`agricultural products, chemical products, vehicles and other transport material, and optical and precision instruments, computer accessories and parts, semi-conductors and related devices`
Imports - partners: |  |
`Spain 31.58%, Germany 12.41%, France 8.58%, Italy 5.55%, Netherlands 5.31% (2009)`
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |  |
`$NA (31 December 2010 est.) $16.03 billion (31 December 2009 est.)`
Debt - external: |  |
`$497.8 billion (30 June 2010) country comparison to the world: 21 $507 billion (30 June 2009)`
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |  |
`$105.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 $102.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)`
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |  |
`$63.64 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 28 $63.64 billion (31 December 2009 est.)`
Exchange rates: |  |
`euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.755 (2010) 0.7198 (2009) 0.6827 (2008) 0.7345 (2007) 0.7964 (2006)`

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use: |  |
`4.049 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 40`
Telephones - mobile cellular: |  |
`15.178 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 48`
Telephone system: |  |

`
general assessment: Portugal's telephone system has a state-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speed capabilities
domestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
international: country code - 351; a combination of submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, North and East Africa, South Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores (2008)
`

Broadcast media: |  |

`
the publicly-owned TV broadcaster operates 2 domestic channels and external service channels to Africa; overall, roughly 40 domestic TV stations; viewers have widespread access to international broadcasters with more than half of all households connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems; publicly-owned radio operates 3 national networks and provides regional and external services; several privately-owned national radio stations and some 300 regional and local commercial radio stations (2008)
`

Internet country code: |  |
`.pt`
Internet hosts: |  |
`3.267 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 28`
Internet users: |  |
`5.168 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 45`

Transportation

Airports: |  |
`65 (2010) country comparison to the world: 75`
Airports - with paved runways: |  |
`total: 43 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 10 (2010)`
Airports - with unpaved runways: |  |
`total: 22 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 21 (2010)`
Pipelines: |  |
`gas 1,307 km; oil 11 km; refined products 188 km (2010)`
Railways: |  |
`total: 2,786 km country comparison to the world: 58 broad gauge: 2,603 km 1.668-m gauge (1,351 km electrified) narrow gauge: 183 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)`
Roadways: |  |
`total: 82,900 km country comparison to the world: 56 paved: 71,294 km (includes 2,613 km of expressways) unpaved: 11,606 km (2008)`
Waterways: |  |
`210 km (on Douro River from Porto) (2010) country comparison to the world: 96`
Merchant marine: |  |

`
total: 111
country comparison to the world: 47
by type: bulk carrier 8, cargo 33, carrier 1, chemical tanker 17, container 8, liquefied gas 9, passenger 13, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 7, roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 9
foreign-owned: 80 (Belgium 8, Denmark 4, Germany 13, Greece 5, Italy 10, Japan 9, Mexico 1, Netherlands 1, Norway 1, Spain 15, Sweden 6, Switzerland 3, US 4)
registered in other countries: 14 (Cyprus 2, Malta 3, Panama 9) (2010)
`

Ports and terminals: |  |
`Leixoes, Lisbon, Setubal, Sines`

Military

Military branches: |  |
`Portuguese Army (Exercito Portuguesa), Portuguese Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps), Portuguese Air Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP) (2010)`
Military service age and obligation: |  |
`18 years of age for voluntary military service; no compulsory military service; women serve in the armed forces, on naval ships since 1993, but are prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties; reserve obligation to age 35 (2010)`
Manpower available for military service: |  |
`males age 16-49: 2,566,264 females age 16-49: 2,458,297 (2010 est.)`
Manpower fit for military service: |  |
`males age 16-49: 2,103,080 females age 16-49: 2,018,004 (2010 est.)`
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: |  |
`male: 62,208 female: 54,786 (2010 est.)`
Military expenditures: |  |
`2.3% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 66`

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international: |  |
`Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz`
Illicit drugs: |  |
`seizing record amounts of Latin American cocaine destined for Europe; a European gateway for Southwest Asian heroin; transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian heroin`

PAGE LAST UPDATED ON MAY 26, 2011