Introduction

Background: |  |

`
Russia conquered the territory of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land poisoned and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture while developing its mineral and petroleum reserves. Current concerns include terrorism by Islamic militants, economic stagnation, and the curtailment of human rights and democratization.
`

Geography

Location: |  |
`Central Asia, north of Turkmenistan, south of Kazakhstan`
Geographic coordinates: |  |
`41 00 N, 64 00 E`
Map references: |  |
`Asia`
Area: |  |
`total: 447,400 sq km country comparison to the world: 56 land: 425,400 sq km water: 22,000 sq km`
Area - comparative: |  |
`slightly larger than California`
Land boundaries: |  |
`total: 6,221 km border countries: Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km`
Coastline: |  |
`0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline`
Maritime claims: |  |
`none (doubly landlocked)`
Climate: |  |
`mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east`
Terrain: |  |
`mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west`
Elevation extremes: |  |
`lowest point: Sariqamish Kuli -12 m highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m`
Natural resources: |  |
`natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum`
Land use: |  |
`arable land: 10.51% permanent crops: 0.76% other: 88.73% (2005)`
Irrigated land: |  |
`42,810 sq km (2003)`
Total renewable water resources: |  |
`72.2 cu km (2003)`
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic / industrial / agricultural): |  |
`total: 58.34 cu km/yr (5%/2%/93%) per capita: 2,194 cu m/yr (2000)`
Natural hazards: |  |
`NA`
Environment - current issues: |  |

`
shrinkage of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including DDT
`

Environment - international agreements: |  |
`party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements`
Geography - note: |  |
`along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world`

People

Population: |  |
`28,128,600 (July 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 44`
Age structure: |  |
`0-14 years: 26.5% (male 3,817,755/female 3,635,142) 15-64 years: 68.8% (male 9,620,356/female 9,742,818) 65 years and over: 4.7% (male 560,574/female 751,955) (2011 est.)`
Median age: |  |
`total: 25.7 years male: 25.2 years female: 26.3 years (2011 est.)`
Population growth rate: |  |
`0.94% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 121`
Birth rate: |  |
`17.43 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 115`
Death rate: |  |
`5.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 178`
Net migration rate: |  |
`-2.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 173`
Urbanization: |  |
`urban population: 36% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)`
Major cities - population: |  |
`TASHKENT (capital) 2.201 million (2009)`
Sex ratio: |  |
`at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)`
Infant mortality rate: |  |
`total: 21.92 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 92 male: 25.95 deaths/1,000 live births female: 17.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)`
Life expectancy at birth: |  |
`total population: 72.51 years country comparison to the world: 125 male: 69.48 years female: 75.71 years (2011 est.)`
Total fertility rate: |  |
`1.89 children born/woman (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 141`
HIV / AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |  |
`0.1% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 109`
HIV / AIDS - people living with HIV / AIDS: |  |
`28,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 70`
HIV / AIDS - deaths: |  |
`fewer than 500 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 97`
Drinking water source: |  |
`improved: urban: 98% of population rural: 81% of population total: 87% of population unimproved: urban: 2% of population rural: 19% of population total: 13% of population (2008)`
Sanitation facility access: |  |
`improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2008)`
Nationality: |  |
`noun: Uzbekistani adjective: Uzbekistani`
Ethnic groups: |  |
`Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)`
Religions: |  |
`Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%`
Languages: |  |
`Uzbek (official) 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%`
Literacy: |  |
`definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.3% male: 99.6% female: 99% (2003 est.)`
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): |  |
`total: 11 years male: 12 years female: 11 years (2009)`
Education expenditures: |  |
`NA`

Government

Country name: |  |
`conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan conventional short form: Uzbekistan local long form: Ozbekiston Respublikasi local short form: Ozbekiston former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic`
Government type: |  |
`republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch`
Capital: |  |
`name: Tashkent (Toshkent) geographic coordinates: 41 20 N, 69 18 E time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)`
Administrative divisions: |  |

`
12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous republic* (respublika), and 1 city** (shahar); Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati, Farg'ona Viloyati, Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi [Karakalpakstan Republic]* (Nukus), Samarqand Viloyati, Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri [Tashkent City]**, Toshkent Viloyati [Tashkent province], Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
`

Independence: |  |
`1 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)`
National holiday: |  |
`Independence Day, 1 September (1991)`
Constitution: |  |
`adopted 8 December 1992`
Legal system: |  |
`civil law system`
International law organization participation: |  |
`has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt`
Suffrage: |  |
`18 years of age; universal`
Executive branch: |  |

`
chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March 1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet; elected president of independent Uzbekistan in 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 11 December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Rustam AZIMOV (since 2 January 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with approval of the Supreme Assembly
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website )
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term; previously was a five-year term, extended by constitutional amendment in 2002); election last held on 23 December 2007 (next to be held in 2014); prime minister, ministers, and deputy ministers appointed by the president
election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote - Islom KARIMOV 88.1%, Asliddin RUSTAMOV 3.2%, Dilorom T0SHMUHAMEDOVA 2.9%, Akmal SAIDOV 2.6%, other 3.2%
`

Legislative branch: |  |

`
bicameral Supreme Assembly or Oliy Majlis consists of an upper house or Senate (100 seats; 84 members elected by regional governing councils and 16 appointed by the president; members to serve five-year terms) and a lower house or Legislative Chamber (150 seats; 135 members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, while 15 spots reserved for the new Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan)
elections: last held on 27 December 2009 and 10 January 2010 (next to be held in December 2014)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Legislative Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LDPU 53, NDP 32, National Rebirth Party 31, Adolat 19
note: all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President KARIMOV
`

Judicial branch: |  |
`Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Supreme Assembly)`
Political parties and leaders: |  |
`Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Ismoil SAIFNAZAROV]; Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan [Boriy ALIXONOV, chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan or LDPU [Muhammadjon AHMADJONOV]; National Rebirth Party (Milliy Tiklanish) [Ahtam TURSUNOV]; People's Democratic Party or NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Latif GULOMOV]`
Political pressure groups and leaders: |  |
`there are no significant opposition political parties or pressure groups operating in Uzbekistan`
International organization participation: |  |
`ADB, CICA, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)`
Diplomatic representation in the US: |  |
`chief of mission: Ambassador Ilxamdjan NEMATOV chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 887-5300 FAX: [1] (202) 293-6804 consulate(s) general: New York`
Diplomatic representation from the US: |  |
`chief of mission: Ambassador Richard B. NORLAND embassy: 3 Moyqo'rq'on, 5th Block, Yunusobod District, Tashkent 100093 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [998] (71) 120-5450 FAX: [998] (71) 120-6335`
Flag description: |  |

`
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon (closed side to the hoist) and 12 white stars shifted to the hoist on the top band; blue is the color of the Turkic peoples and of the sky, white signifies peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, while green represents nature and is the color of Islam; the red stripes are the vital force of all living organisms that links good and pure ideas with the eternal sky and with deeds on earth; the crescent represents Islam and the 12 stars the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar
`

National anthem: |  |
`name: "O'zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi" (National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan) lyrics/music: Abdulla ARIPOV/Mutal BURHANOV note: adopted 1992; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet Republic but adopted new lyrics`

Economy

Economy - overview: |  |

`
Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country; 11% of the land is intensely cultivated, in irrigated river valleys. More than 60% of the population lives in densely populated rural communities. Export of hydrocarbons, including natural gas and petroleum, provided about 40% of foreign exchange earnings in 2009. Other major export earners include gold and cotton. Uzbekistan is now the world's second-largest cotton exporter and fifth largest producer; it has come under increasing international criticism for the use of child labor in its annual cotton harvest. Nevertheless, Uzbekistan enjoyed a bumper cotton crop in 2010 amidst record high prices. Following independence in September 1991, the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. While aware of the need to improve the investment climate, the government still sponsors measures that often increase, not decrease, its control over business decisions. A sharp increase in the inequality of income distribution has hurt the lower ranks of society since independence. In 2003, the government accepted Article VIII obligations under the IMF, providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened the effects of convertibility and have also led to some shortages that have further stifled economic activity. The Central Bank often delays or restricts convertibility, especially for consumer goods. Potential investment by Russia and China in Uzbekistan's gas and oil industry, as well as increased cooperation with South Korea in the realm of civil aviation, may boost growth prospects. However, decreased demand for natural gas in Europe and Russia in the wake of the global financial crisis could reduce energy-related revenues in the near term. In November 2005, Russian President Vladimir PUTIN and Uzbekistan President KARIMOV signed an "alliance," which included provisions for economic and business cooperation. Russian businesses have shown increased interest in Uzbekistan, especially in mining, telecom, and oil and gas. In 2006, Uzbekistan took steps to rejoin the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and the Eurasian Economic Community (EurASEC), which it subsequently left in 2008, both organizations dominated by Russia. In the past Uzbek authorities had accused US and other foreign companies operating in Uzbekistan of violating Uzbek tax laws and have frozen their assets, but no new expropriations occurred in 2008-09. Instead, the Uzbek Government has actively courted several major U.S. and international corporations, offering attractive financing and tax advantages, and has landed a significant US investment in the automotive industry. Although growth slowed in 2009-10, Uzbekistan has seen few other effects from the global economic downturn, primarily due to its relative isolation from the global financial markets.
`

GDP (purchasing power parity): |  |
`$85.85 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 77 $79.12 billion (2009 est.) $73.19 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars`
GDP (official exchange rate): |  |
`$38.99 billion (2010 est.)`
GDP - real growth rate: |  |
`8.5% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 13 8.1% (2009 est.) 9% (2008 est.)`
GDP - per capita (PPP): |  |
`$3,100 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 168 $2,900 (2009 est.) $2,700 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars`
GDP - composition by sector: |  |
`agriculture: 21.2% industry: 32.3% services: 46.4% (2010 est.)`
Labor force: |  |
`16 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 37`
Labor force - by occupation: |  |
`agriculture: 44% industry: 20% services: 36% (1995)`
Unemployment rate: |  |
`1.1% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 6 1.1% (2009 est.) note: officially measured by the Ministry of Labor, plus another 20% underemployed`
Population below poverty line: |  |
`26% (2008 est.)`
Household income or consumption by percentage share: |  |
`lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 29.6% (2003)`
Distribution of family income - Gini index: |  |
`36.8 (2003) country comparison to the world: 80 44.7 (1998)`
Budget: |  |
`revenues: $12.25 billion expenditures: $12.3 billion (2010 est.)`
Public debt: |  |
`9% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 124 9.6% of GDP (2009 est.)`
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |  |
`15% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 219 14.1% (2009 est.) note: official data; based on independent analysis of consumer prices, inflation reached 38% in 2008`
Stock of narrow money: |  |
`$4.895 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 91 $3.829 billion (31 December 2009 est.)`
Stock of broad money: |  |
`$7.197 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 112 $5.648 billion (31 December 2009 est.)`
Stock of domestic credit: |  |
`$6.482 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 107 $5.484 billion (31 December 2009 est.)`
Market value of publicly traded shares: |  |
`$NA (31 December 2010) country comparison to the world: 103 $715.3 million`
Agriculture - products: |  |
`cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain; livestock`
Industries: |  |
`textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, gold, petroleum, natural gas, chemicals`
Industrial production growth rate: |  |
`8% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 32`
Electricity - production: |  |
`44.8 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 51`
Electricity - consumption: |  |
`40.1 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 52`
Electricity - exports: |  |
`11.52 billion kWh (2009 est.)`
Electricity - imports: |  |
`11.44 billion kWh (2009 est.)`
Oil - production: |  |
`70,910 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 56`
Oil - consumption: |  |
`145,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 67`
Oil - exports: |  |
`6,104 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 98`
Oil - imports: |  |
`35,810 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 95`
Oil - proved reserves: |  |
`594 million bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 47`
Natural gas - production: |  |
`67.6 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 13`
Natural gas - consumption: |  |
`52.6 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 14`
Natural gas - exports: |  |
`15 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 14`
Natural gas - imports: |  |
`0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 132`
Natural gas - proved reserves: |  |
`1.841 trillion cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 19`
Current account balance: |  |
`$5.588 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 $3.595 billion (2009 est.)`
Exports: |  |
`$13.13 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 77 $10.74 billion (2009 est.)`
Exports - commodities: |  |
`energy products, cotton, gold, mineral fertilizers, ferrous and nonferrous metals, textiles, food products, machinery, automobiles`
Exports - partners: |  |
`Ukraine 29.91%, Russia 13.94%, Turkey 7.53%, Kazakhstan 7.26%, Bangladesh 6.83%, China 5.69%, South Korea 4.19% (2009)`
Imports: |  |
`$9.44 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 91 $9.023 billion (2009 est.)`
Imports - commodities: |  |
`machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, ferrous and nonferrous metals`
Imports - partners: |  |
`Russia 23.72%, China 20.36%, South Korea 13.03%, Germany 6.09%, Ukraine 5.39%, Kazakhstan 4.68% (2009)`
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |  |
`$10.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 58 $9 billion (31 December 2009 est.)`
Debt - external: |  |
`$4.236 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 114 $4.053 billion (31 December 2009 est.)`
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |  |
`$NA`
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |  |
`$NA`
Exchange rates: |  |
`Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - 1,588.1 (2010) 1,466.7 (2009) 1,317 (2008) 1,263.8 (2007) 1,219.8 (2006)`

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use: |  |
`1.857 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 61`
Telephones - mobile cellular: |  |
`16.418 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 45`
Telephone system: |  |

`
general assessment: digital exchanges in large cities but still antiquated and inadequate in rural areas
domestic: the state-owned telecommunications company, Uzbektelecom, owner of the fixed line telecommunications system, has used loans from the Japanese government and the China Development Bank to upgrade fixed-line services including conversion to digital exchanges; mobile-cellular services are growing rapidly, with the subscriber base exceeding 16 million in 2009
international: country code - 998; linked by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; after the completion of the Uzbek link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable, Uzbekistan plans to establish a fiber-optic connection to Afghanistan (2009)
`

Broadcast media: |  |

`
government controls media; 8 state-owned broadcasters - 4 TV and 4 radio - provide service to virtually the entire country; about 20 privately-owned TV stations, overseen by local officials, broadcast to local markets; privately-owned TV stations are required to lease transmitters from the government-owned Republic TV and Radio Industry Corporation and are prohibited from broadcasting live; about 15 privately-owned radio broadcasters; programming content includes news updates, music, call-in talk shows, and other entertainment in a half-Russian, half-Uzbek format mandated for private radio (2007)
`

Internet country code: |  |
`.uz`
Internet hosts: |  |
`47,718 (2010) country comparison to the world: 89`
Internet users: |  |
`4.689 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 50`

Transportation

Airports: |  |
`54 (2010) country comparison to the world: 86`
Airports - with paved runways: |  |
`total: 33 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 4 (2010)`
Airports - with unpaved runways: |  |
`total: 21 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 under 914 m: 19 (2010)`
Pipelines: |  |
`gas 10,253 km; oil 868 km (2010)`
Railways: |  |
`total: 3,645 km country comparison to the world: 47 broad gauge: 3,645 km 1.520-m gauge (620 km electrified) (2008)`
Roadways: |  |
`total: 86,496 km country comparison to the world: 55 paved: 75,511 km unpaved: 10,985 km (2000)`
Waterways: |  |
`1,100 km (2009) country comparison to the world: 63`
Ports and terminals: |  |
`Termiz (Amu Darya)`

Military

Military branches: |  |
`Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard`
Military service age and obligation: |  |
`18 years of age for compulsory military service; 1-year conscript service obligation; moving toward a professional military, but conscription will continue; the military cannot accommodate everyone who wishes to enlist, and competition for entrance into the military is similar to the competition for admission to universities (2009)`
Manpower available for military service: |  |
`males age 16-49: 7,887,292 females age 16-49: 7,886,459 (2010 est.)`
Manpower fit for military service: |  |
`males age 16-49: 6,566,118 females age 16-49: 6,745,818 (2010 est.)`
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: |  |
`male: 306,404 female: 295,456 (2010 est.)`
Military expenditures: |  |
`3.5% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 33`

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international: |  |
`prolonged drought and cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2004; border delimitation of 130 km of border with Kyrgyzstan is hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other areas`
Refugees and internally displaced persons: |  |
`refugees (country of origin): 39,202 (Tajikistan); 1,060 (Afghanistan) IDPs: 3,400 (forced population transfers by government from villages near Tajikistan border) (2007)`
Trafficking in persons: |  |

`
current situation: Uzbekistan is a source country for women and girls trafficked to Kazakhstan, Russia, Middle East, and Asia for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation; men are trafficked to Kazakhstan and Russia for purposes of forced labor in the construction, cotton, and tobacco industries; men and women are also trafficked internally for the purposes of domestic servitude, forced labor in the agricultural and construction industries, and for commercial sexual exploitation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Uzbekistan is on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in 2007; the government did not amend its criminal code to increase penalties for convicted traffickers; in March 2008, Uzbekistan adopted ILO Conventions on minimum age of employment and on the elimination of the worst forms of child labor and is working with the ILO on implementation; the government also demonstrated its increasing commitment to combat trafficking in March 2008 by adopting a comprehensive anti-trafficking law; Uzbekistan has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)
`

Illicit drugs: |  |
`transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy for domestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out by government crop eradication program; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan`

PAGE LAST UPDATED ON MAY 26, 2011